Surface plasmon resonance based sensors pdf

The operating range of the sensor the infrared region is from nm to nm for low RIs from 1. The figure in Liu et al. As the fiber-optic sensor technology has experienced rapid growth in the past few decades, a significant research in fiber-optic sensor has been investigated due to the tremendous attention by its several inherent advantages [ 40 , 43 , 49 ] Those pioneering works comprise underlying ideas which are the basis of modern optical sensing technologies. Meriaudeau et al. Moreover, the novel concepts of the sensors which make use of evanescent wave were reported to improve the detection limit of the sensor with plasmonic particles.

Cheng et al. Kajikawa et al. And the subsequent research based on the previous works were investigated. The recent concepts and advantages of fiber-optic LSPR sensors described in Section 2 which have been employed in the development of highly sensitive practical sensors for measuring physical properties and detecting specific chemicals.

In this section, fiber-optic LSPR sensors used for three different applications are discussed: chemical sensing, measurement of physical properties, and biological and biomedical sensing. Various nanoplasmonic materials have been used in recent studies to establish high-performance fiber-optic LSPR sensors: a spherical metal nanoparticle [ 52 ], nanoholes in a metal film [ 53 ], carbon nanotubes [ 54 ], graphene and graphene oxide nanosheets [ 55 ], metal nanodots [ 56 ], metal nanodisks [ 57 ], metal nanomushroom [ 58 ] and metal nanorods [ 59 ].

Fiber-optics-based chemical sensors are used for detecting a specific chemical analyte. The sensor transforms various chemical properties into an optical property that can be detected as an electrical signal.

For improving the detection of low concentrations of small target molecules, a plasmonic effect has been employed in fiber-optic-based chemical sensors by using nanomaterials. Chemical fiber-optic sensors are commonly used for measuring data on liquid or gaseous phase of environmental changes, for instance, detecting ions diluted in solution or in gas phase, along with the corresponding pH level.

Scherino et al. The metallic nanomaterials at the tip were designed to improve the sensitivity of the fiber-optic sensor to superficial environmental changes. This method is an indirect method of measurement as the different concentrations of ions affect the optical properties of the stimuli-responsive polymer that is attached to the sensing area. Thus, the fiber-optic sensor converts chemical properties of the solution into optical properties. Polley et al. Process used to prepare fiber-optic plasmonic sensors.

A periodic hole array in a gold film is fabricated on a flat glass substrate using solely chemical methods. Subsequently, this hole array is lifted off from the substrate surface by immersing it in a basic solution. The hole array film detaches from the substrate surface and starts floating on the water surface. The periodic hole array in a gold film can be picked up with an appropriately functionalized optical fiber tip. Photographs of the resulting fiber-optic plasmonic sensors are shown on the right.

The figure in Polley et al. Pathak and B. Gupta proposed a fiber-optic dopamine sensor utilizing an imprinted carbon nanotube platform and the surface plasmon resonance technique as described in Figure 6 [ 54 ].

A schematic illustration of fabrication and testing process for fiber-optic sensors; a formation of surface imprinted sites on carbon nanotubes CNTs , and b experimental set-up for dopamine sensing. An optical fiber of core diameter um and NA 0. Surface imprinted CNTs suspensions were prepared by vinyl group and molecular imprinted polymers MIPs for sensing probe. This entrapment of dopamine molecules in the imprinted cavities on CNTs results in increase in the refractive index of CNTs layer.

Researchers have studied the effect of the geometrical properties of the nanostructures on the detection properties of the fiber for enhancing the performance of LSPR fiber-optic chemical sensors. Several studies have explored fiber-optic sensors with a U-bent shape. Paul et al. The nanoparticles exploited for enhancing sensing performance were coated on the core region, as shown in Figure 7 b. The sensitivity and plasmonic response of the LSPR U-bent fiber-optic sensor using different types of noble metallic nanoparticles were studied and compared.

Saikia et al. The effects of factors such as tapering and the presence of the nanostructures on the sensitivity of U-bent fiber-optic probe were investigated. Interestingly, the tapered U-bent fiber contributed to an improvement in sensor sensitivity. Furthermore, it was found that the nanostructures on the U-bent fibers also contribute significantly to sensitivity enhancement.

The nanohole array was patterned on the tip of the fiber. The stimuli-responsive polymer is deposited on the nanopatterned area as shown in the figure on the right. The figure in Giaquinto et al. The figure in Saikia et al.

Sensors that provide information about the physical properties of the specimen are important and actively utilized as they can obtain the most basic and intuitive information. Different methods have been employed for measuring temperature or pressure using fiber-optic probes [ 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 ]. Several research groups have investigated fiber-optic LSPR sensors for the measurement of physical properties, especially temperature, with further enhancements in sensitivity and precision.

Srivastava et al. This fiber-optic LSPR sensor was coated with a dielectric sensing medium, and gold nanoparticles with a diameter of 5 nm were deposited in a partial area from which the cladding was removed. LSPR in the coated region was employed for the detection of temperature with high sensitivity. Simulation studies were employed to explore the most optimal dielectric material in the sensing medium for realizing a fiber-optic LSPR sensor that is the most responsive to temperature changes.

Algorri et al. Ohodnicki et al. The film was coated on the optical fiber in regions where the cladding was removed. The proposed fiber-optic temperature and gas sensor based on LSPR of nanocomposites has various applications as it can provide physical and chemical information in harsh industrial environments. The figure in Ohodnicki et al. A biological sensor is a device that can detect biological components by observing biological changes such as coupling, reactions, and reconstruction.

Biological components of interest include antibodies, nucleic acids, and enzymes. In particular, SPR-based optical biological sensors have been researched [ 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 ] and commercialized in several enterprises [ 76 , 77 , 78 ] as they can measure fine variations in refractive indices with high sensitivity. Studies of biological sensors using nanomaterial-based LSPR to further improve sensitivity have also been actively pursued [ 34 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 ].

A series of studies have been conducted using LSPR biological sensors, which are connected to optical fibers. These sensors are capable of acquiring valuable biological information with very small amounts of samples. An antigen-antibody interaction is a biochemical phenomenon in which the antigen causing the immune response and the corresponding antibodies react with each other [ 84 , 85 ]. Fiber-optic LSPR biological sensors that utilize antibodies to detect specific antigens with high sensitivity have been developed.

These sensors which can measure changes in refractive index from corresponding phenomena in real time are being actively studied for use in disease diagnosis and detection of dangerous biological materials. Lin et al. The sensor had a limit of detection of 6 pM for streptavidin. Shao et al. The gold nanoparticle assembly layer was coated on the tri-layer of polyelectrolyte structures with high efficiency Figure 9 a.

The fiber-optic LSPR sensor with the gold nanoparticle layer offered improved sensitivity in the sensing of goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin IgG. Jeong et al. The fiber-optic sensor was fabricated by applying gold nanoparticles on the end plane of an optical fiber as described in Figure 9 c. These results prove that the fabricated fiber-optic LSPR sensor can be applied as a biosensor that can detect various biological molecules and interactions with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity.

A preliminary study of measuring the change in refractive index in a flow cell surrounding the tapered fiber-optic LSPR sensor confirmed that the sensor had a sensitivity of 3. Chiavaioli et al. The fiber-optic sensor, which used nanocoating-based lossy mode resonance to improve sensitivity, can be potentially used in ultrahigh sensitive immunoassays.

Satija et al. Fiber-optic localized surface plasmon resonance LSPR sensors for the detection of antibody—antigen interactions. The reprint of the figures in Jeong et al.

As the fiber localized surface plasmon resonance based optical sensor can be used to monitor the interaction between molecules, researchers have studied the molecular binding kinetics by using fiber-optic LSPR sensor for biomedical applications to diagnose or analyze the characteristics of the analytes.

Likewise, a monitoring system based on plasmonic nanomaterials to detect the interaction between molecules in real time has been studied in fiber-optic sensors. Chang et al. Deoxyribo nucleic acid DNA , a biochemical material that serves as the carrier of genetic information for most living things, can provide specific biological information [ 92 ].

The modality for measuring data on the target DNA is similar to that of a biological immunosensor based on antibody—antigen interactions. Sensors measuring DNA and its related interactions require a higher sensitivity enhancement because DNA has a smaller size than antigens and antibodies. Kaye et al. Gold nano-posts with a height of 55 nm and a width of approximately nm fabricated at the end of the optical fiber served as the nanoprobe.

Roether et al. Each nanomushroom consisted of a gold cap with a radius of The DNA polymerase reaction was measured by the optical fiber sensor located at the top of the nanomushroom substrate in the microfluidic device.

As described in Figure 10 b,c, the platform enabled the measurements and monitoring of DNA polymerase reaction processes with high sensitivity as LSPR was produced by the nanomushroom substrate.

The figure in Roether et al. Several studies have shown that a fiber-optic LSPR biological sensor with nanomaterials can be employed for in vitro biomedical diagnosis of specific diseases. Prostate specific antigen PSA , a glycoprotein enzyme produced from prostate epithelial cells, is one of the biomedical markers for prostate disorders such as prostate cancer [ 97 , 98 ]. Electrochemiluminescence immunoassay are generally employed for measuring PSA concentrations in clinical diagnosis [ 99 , ].

Sanders et al. Kim et al. The end of the fiber-optic LSPR sensor with immobilized gold nanoparticles was installed on the side of an outlet in the microfluidic device. The microfluidic device was configured to allow the entire PSA detection process from the immobilization of a biochemical PSA indicator to the measurement of PSA concentrations in specimens to be performed in the device.

A follow-up study on establishing the nanostructure fabrication process and applying regularly fabricated gold nanodisk-based fiber-optic LSPR sensors to the microfluidic device for highly-sensitive detection of PSA was also reported [ ]. The reprint of figures in Sanders et al. A study was conducted on the detection of multiple biomarkers using a single fiber-optic LSPR probe.

Sciacca and Monro proposed a fiber-optic LSPR biological sensor that integrated two different types of nanoparticles gold nanoparticles with a diameter of 80 nm and silver nanoparticles with a diameter of 60 nm for two different antibodies as illustrated in Figure 12 [ ].

As the optical properties of gold and silver are different, the fiber-optic LSPR probe with the gold and silver nanoparticles could detect different antigens in a single spectral measurement system when different antigens are attached to each type of nanoparticle. A preliminary study for detecting two different gastric cancer biomarkers apolipoprotein E and clusterin confirmed that this fiber-optic LSPR probe with immobilized gold and silver nanoparticles could be applied for in vitro diagnosis and biochemical analysis.

Apolipoprotein E was detectable by gold nanoparticles in the fiber-optic sensor with a linear response. Clusterin was measurable by silver nanoparticles in the fiber-optic sensor. The figure in Sciacca et al. Fiber-optic LSPR sensors based on nanomaterials can also be used as in vitro diagnostic sensors of infectious diseases. Camara et al. Preliminary tests to detect dengue NS1 antigen confirmed that the developed fiber-optic LSPR dengue sensor has a limit of quantification of 0.

In addition to biomarkers that indicate a specific disease directly, fiber-optic LSPR biological sensors for the detection of health status based on various chemical factors have been actively developed.

Semwal and Gupta developed a fiber-optic LSPR sensor to detect cholesterol concentration in specimens [ ]. The fiber-optic LSPR cholesterol sensor consisted of a portion of the optical fiber core exposed on the side. The exposed fiber core is deposited with a silver nanofilm, a graphene oxide nanosheet, silver nanoparticles, and an enzyme cholesterol oxidase that can absorb cholesterol.

Raj et al. Khan et al. Ensuring food safety and verifying it scientifically are important requirements in the food industry [ , , ].

Accordingly, devices and technologies that can ensure food safety are being actively developed. Fiber-optic LSPR sensors based on nanotechnology have also been applied for food safety testing. For detecting ascorbic acid vitamin C concentrations in specimens, Shrivastav et al. The sensor achieved sensitivity improvement along with cost reduction and measurement response time improvement.

Chauhan et al. In a preliminary study of the practical applications in food contents analysis, the sugar contents in three different commercial juices were measured Figure 13 b , and it was confirmed that the sensor has the potential to be applied to the analysis of ingredients for food or beverages. The fiber-optic melamine sensor was based on the sensitivity improvement by the LSPR derived from unmodified gold nanoparticles. Under optimized conditions, the fiber-optic melamine sensor had an LOD of 33 nM and is expected to be utilized in the development of safety assessment systems capable of detecting the contamination of melamine in various dairy products.

A fiber-optic LSPR sensor based on the integration of colloidal, aptamer-modified nanoparticles was investigated for highly sensitive measurements of ochratoxin A, a mycotoxin that contaminates food, as illustrated in Figure 13 c,d.

Sharma and Gupta [ ] developed a fiber-optic LSPR sensor using graphene nano-substrates and Tin IV oxide SnO 2 nanoparticles for measuring hexachlorobenzene, a disinfectant used in seed treatment but currently prohibited from use [ ]. Moreover, a fiber-optic LSPR sensor deposited with a silver nanoscale film, silver nanoparticles, and the target material tetracycline, one of the antibiotics on a partially exposed area of the optical fiber was developed [ ].

Fiber-optic LSPR sensors for food safety and assessment. The figures in Chauhan et al. The reprint of the figures in Lee et al. In this article, we explored both the fundamentals and the recent applications of fiber-optic LSPR sensors using nanomaterials. The applications of fiber-optic LSPR sensors have been intensively studied in the following three areas: detection of chemical substances in a liquid or gas, measurement of physical properties, and detection of specific biological targets from small amounts of biomaterials as indicators in medical and food fields.

Through improved sensitivity based on the fields localized by nanostructures or nanoparticles on the fiber-optic probe, fiber-optic LSPR sensors have the potential to be used in the practical detection of various analytes. Moreover, fiber-optic LSPR sensors can be manufactured in smaller sizes than conventional optical sensors, and they can be applied with minimal invasiveness to various samples from gases to solids.

Moreover, the performance comparison results of the fiber-optic sensors with varied localized surface plasmon resonance were investigated. Those comparison results need to be analyzed carefully because the new attempt for dedicated target measurements does not have a direct proportional relationship with performance improvement. Thus, a simple comparison and listing of the results based on the limit-of-detection and listing the degree of improvement in electromagnetic field enhancement were discussed.

In chemical fiber-optic localized surface plasmon resonance sensors, Polley et al. In the investigation of sensitivity in fiber-optic LSPR sensors using nanostructures or nanoparticles, an optimization of nanomaterials implemented in the fiber-optic LSPR sensor is needed with reflecting the characteristics of optical fiber materials, light sources, and measurement targets.

We expected that preemptive exploration using a simulation platform of optical fields on nanomaterials is helpful to optimizing sensitivity of fiber-optic LSPR sensors before experimental developments.

Further developments and applications as described in Figure 14 are required in the following areas to translate the advantages of fiber-optic LSPR sensors into the actual commercialization and production stages. Technologies to enhance the performance of fiber-optic LSPR sensors through further developments and applications. The reuse of the inset figures representing each technology was permitted by Elsevier [ ], Molecular Diversity Preservation International [ ], Optical Society of America [ ], and American Chemical Society [ ].

The variations in the size and morphology of the nanomaterials lead to a large degree of variations in their optical properties.

Hence, a high degree of uniformity should be maintained during the process of forming nanomaterials and integrating them on the fiber-optic sensor, and sufficient quality control is also required.

Advanced fabrication techniques to produce large-area nanoscale substrates can be employed for enhancing uniformity of nanomaterials on the fiber-optic LSPR sensor [ , , ]. Further developments are needed to actively employ nanomaterials in fiber-optic LSPR sensors to improve performances. For instance, several research groups have studied carbon nanotube and graphene-based optical sensors to enhance sensitivity or other sensing properties [ , , , ].

As it is difficult to use well-aligned light sources and highly sensitive photodetectors in certain practical applications of LSPR fiber-optic sensors, improving the sensing characteristics based on novel nanomaterials is necessary.

In addition, it is determined that the integration of advanced communication technologies, which have been applied to various sensors, with fiber-optic LSPR sensors will increase their mobility and usability.

For instance, several research groups have introduced optical sensors integrated with a smartphone to form a device that records, stores, transfers, and processes the sensing data [ 83 , , ]. The combination of Internet-of-Things IoT technology with a compact, highly-sensitive fiber-optic sensor is expected to produce an impressive sensor that has chemical, biological, and medical applications. Processing and analyzing data collected through the fiber-optic LSPR sensors to extract meaningful information is also important for various applications.

Several recent studies have proposed the integration of photonic sensors and artificial intelligence AI [ , , ]. Data processing and analysis modalities based on AI and machine learning are expected to help enhance the practicality of fiber-optic LSPR sensors.

All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Also, this work research was funded by 3D optical measurement system for next generation online fruit vegetable wholesale market, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea National Center for Biotechnology Information , U.

Journal List Sensors Basel v. Sensors Basel. Published online Jan Find articles by Seunghun Lee. Nivedha and P. Nivedha , P. Ramesh Babu , K. Senthilnathan Published 10 July Physics Current Science Over the last few decades, surface plasmon resonance SPR technique has been very promising for sensing applications.

It involves light-matter interaction at the interface of the metal and dielectric. This technology is employed in physical, chemical and biological sensing applications. In this review, we present the principle of SPR, different configurations used for excitation of SPR, performance characteristics of a sensor and commercialization of the biosensors technology. A few… Expand. View via Publisher. Save to Library Save. Create Alert Alert. Share This Paper. Background Citations. Figures from this paper.

Citation Type. Has PDF. Publication Type. More Filters. The main aim of this work is to design and analyze a highly sensitive and miniaturized plasmonic ring resonator biosensor. Enhancement in field confinement due to plasmonic effect results in a … Expand. View 1 excerpt, cites background. Abstract A refractive index sensor to detect chemicals based on surface plasmon resonance is designed and analytically investigated by a finite element method via COMSOL multiphysics.

A tunable … Expand. Sensors Actuators B Chem — Tabasi O, Falamaki C Recent advancements in the methodologies applied for the sensitivity enhancement of surface plasmon resonance sensors.

Anal Methods — Pockrand I Surface plasma oscillations at silver surfaces with thin transparent and absorbing coatings.

Surf Sci — Download references. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Ashish Bijalwan. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Reprints and Permissions. Bijalwan, A. Plasmonics 15, — Download citation. Received : 30 August Accepted : 16 January Published : 23 January Issue Date : August Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search SpringerLink Search. Abstract We show performance enhancement of surface plasmon resonance SPR -based sensors using the nano-ribbons of 2D materials such as graphene and WSe 2.

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